Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana or weed, has been used for medicinal, recreational, and religious purposes for centuries. Yet, lately, its legalisation in some parts of the world and increased use have sparked debates surrounding potential links between cannabis consumption and mental illness. So what are the side effects of weed?

Recent research suggests a stronger correlation between marijuana use disorder and the development of mental illnesses than previously assumed. This study presents a novel outlook on the risk factors of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). It suggests its impact might reach far beyond the commonly acknowledged associations with schizophrenia.

The potential risks associated with cannabis use primarily depend on two critical factors. Firstly, the age of initiation plays a crucial role, especially if it occurs before the age of 18. Early cannabis use during developmental stages of brain development can impact synaptic pruning. This involves the removal of old neural connections and the development of white matter; a form of brain tissue that is responsible for transmitting signals in the brain.

Secondly, the patterns of cannabis use, including frequency, dosage, and duration, are significant contributors, particularly if the use occurs at least weekly. Larger or more potent doses lead to increased ingestion of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis. THC appears to influence areas in the brain associated with regulating brain structure, function, and cognition. Being mindful of these factors is essential to understanding the potential negative effects of cannabis consumption.

Understanding Cannabis and Its Components

Cannabis contains various cannabinoids, including THC and cannabidiol (CBD), which interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, a complex network of receptors that maintain physiological balance.

THC is primarily responsible for the plant’s psychoactive effects, while CBD is thought to have potential therapeutic properties, such as anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic effects. The ratio of THC to CBD in a cannabis product can significantly influence its overall impact on mental health.

Cannabis and Mental Health: A Complex Relationship

The use of cannabis can elevate the likelihood of developing psychotic illnesses, such as schizophrenia. A substantial body of reliable evidence points to a link between the consumption of stronger cannabis, high in THC levels, and the occurrence of psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia. However, the exact nature of this link remains not entirely understood.

Cannabis consumption has been found to potentially raise the likelihood of developing schizophrenia at a younger age. THC levels play a role in influencing this condition.

While cannabis may contribute to the development of mental illnesses, it is crucial to recognize that it is not the sole cause for many individuals. Not everyone who uses cannabis will experience psychosis or schizophrenia; conversely, not everyone with these conditions has a history of cannabis use. Nevertheless, smoking cannabis does increase the likelihood of developing a psychotic illness, particularly for those who are ‘genetically vulnerable’ to mental health problems.

Being ‘genetically vulnerable’ implies a natural predisposition towards developing a mental health problem. For instance, if mental illnesses run in your family, you may be more susceptible to experiencing similar issues if you use cannabis. It is vital to be mindful of these risk factors when considering cannabis use and its potential impact on mental health.

Depression, Anxiety and Cannabis Use

The relationship between smoking weed and anxiety and depression is more complex and less well-established. A substantial body of evidence suggests a significant link between marijuana and depression. While some studies propose that cannabis use might trigger the onset of depression, the prevailing evidence points in the opposite direction. Specifically, it indicates that depression could contribute to initiating or escalating cannabis use.

Some individuals report using marijuana for anxiety and depression, while others experience increased anxiety and paranoia due to consumption, particularly with high THC content.

The effects of marijuana anxiety and depression can vary depending on the individual’s unique physiology, the frequency and amount of consumption, and the specific strain of cannabis used. Long-term heavy cannabis use has been associated with an increased risk of developing mood disorders, but more research is needed to understand this connection’s nature.

Marijuana and Schizophrenia

One of the most extensively studied associations between cannabis and mental illness is its potential role in increasing the risk of schizophrenia and psychosis. Several studies have found that smoking weed regularly during adolescence or early adulthood may increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia later in life. However, the causality and underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, as pre-existing genetic or environmental factors might also contribute to this association.

The current evidence suggests that cannabis use may exacerbate symptoms in individuals with pre-existing schizophrenia, but not everyone who uses cannabis will develop the disorder. Some studies have suggested that the risk may be higher in those with a family history of schizophrenia or a vulnerability to psychosis.

Nonetheless, the association between marijuana and psychosis should not come as a surprise. The effects of marijuana resemble symptoms of psychosis, leading to impaired memory, cognition, and external stimuli processing. This amalgamation makes it difficult for individuals to learn and remember new information, and in some cases, it can escalate to deluded thinking and hallucinations.

The risk of developing schizophrenia escalates with the duration and dosage of cannabis use. Regular cannabis users face double the risk compared to non-users, while even individuals who have used cannabis at some point in their lives have a 40% increased risk compared to non-users.

Do Different Types of Cannabis Affect Mental Health Differently?

To a certain extent, yes. Cannabis products typically consist of two primary cannabinoids: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is the main psychoactive component found in street cannabis, responsible for the ‘high thoughts’ and often associated with marijuana side effects. On the other hand, CBD does not have psychoactive effects.

People who use highly potent THC cannabis concentrates, such as butane hash oil, may increase their risk of encountering mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and psychosis.

CBD is primarily utilized in industrial hemp products and medicinal cannabis, usually without any THC content. Consequently, it is unlikely to cause significant negative effects on mental health.

Interestingly, ongoing research is investigating the potential of CBD-based cannabis medicines in alleviating conditions like depression, anxiety, or psychosis. However, it’s essential to note that the evidence supporting these benefits is not yet strong.

Even smaller amounts of THC can offer therapeutic advantages, and certain medicinal cannabis products contain THC. For this reason, it is crucial to consult with a doctor, especially if you are interested in accessing medicinal cannabis and have a history of mental health issues, either current or past. Seeking professional guidance ensures a safer and more informed approach to cannabis use in a medical context.

Final Word on the Side Effects of Weed on Mental Health

The link between cannabis use and mental illness is a complex and multifaceted topic that requires ongoing research and careful consideration.

While evidence suggests an association between cannabis use and an increased risk of schizophrenia, psychosis, and mood disorders, it is crucial to acknowledge that not all individuals who use cannabis will experience adverse mental health effects.

What’s more, cannabis may hold promise as a therapeutic option for certain mental health conditions, particularly through its CBD component.